Developments in the Mixed Fluid Cascade Process (MFCP) for LNG Baseload Plants
The Statoil Linde LNG Technology Alliance was established to develop alternative LNG baseload plants particularly suitable for the North Sea environment. Besides other innovative procedures and concepts this work resulted in a new LNG baseload process, the so-called "Mixed Fluid Cascade Process" (MFCP). This paper describes the highlights of the MFCP and summarizes the main technical and manufacturing features of the plate fin as well as spiral wound heat exchangers.

Cooperation between Pharmaceutical Plant Construction and Biotechnology Company to optimize a Production Process for Hepatitis B Vaccine
Development of a pharmaceutical product from research to production and marketing requires investments in the millions. Many young companies in the innovative area of biotechnology have chosen experienced partners to assist them in converting their research results into products ready for market. Pharmaceutical plant constructors are potential partners for pharmaceutical companies. In the following, we describe in detail the new kind of project generation and cooperation for construction of a plant.

Nitrous oxide in air separation plants
Nitrous oxide (N2O) forms a quite new problem for air separation plants. N2O may lead to plugging of tubes or heat exchangers and to a contamination of the products. Nowadays higher product qualities are demanded and the atmospheric N2O concentration is steadily increasing.

Fundamentals of design of production facilities for steroid-containing medications
Steroids are used for different medical applications and are highly potential even in small doses. This requires special care during the design of production plants for these pharmaceuticals. Ideal is the design of a seperate, dedicated building, however, in practice this is in most cases impossible. Possibilities are discussed to isolate a steroid production in order to accomodate it together with other functional units within one building.

A New LNG Baseload Process and Manufacturing of the Main Heat Exchanger
The work of the Statoil-Linde LNG Technology Alliance with respect to process design, manufacturing of cryogenic heat exchangers along with the installation of the process plant on a purpose built barge has led to significant savings in calculated investment cost and to a considerable shortening of the planned project execution time.

Operating experience of CLINSULF®-SDP for up to 99.85% sulfur recovery
The first commercial scale CLINSULF®-SDP plant was started up at Nynäs Refinery in Sweden in December 1995. The plant realizes a novel sulfur recovery principle which allows very high sulfur recovery rates with just two catalytic reactors. The sulfur recovery rates were on avarage in excess of 99.4%. Peak values were as high as 99.85%. Due its simplicity the plant was operating extremely reliably, being out of operation only during the planned maintenance.

The Mirror-Coating Installation for the World's Largest Telescope
The elasto-plastic buckling loads and the cold stretching of pressure vessels can be simulated with high accuracy by geometrically and physically nonlinear FEA. It has been shown that the usual code design is too much on the safe side.

Geometrically and Physically Nonlinear Analysis of Pressure Vessels
Linde has developed modern, user-friendly on-line plant optimization systems which provide high quality decision support to plant personnel charged with the difficult task of operating complex processes optimally under rapidly changing conditions.

Cost to Produce Methanol
The strategy presented may assist the potential investor to develop alternative project shemes for low cost methanol production. The explanation is supported by ten diagrams. Up to 3,000 MTPD of methanol production capacity, the production cost are shown at feed gas cost of 1 $/MMBTU. Moreover, the maximum feed gas cost are shown, which are required to achieve production cost of 100 $/MT within this capacity range. The methanol production cost of the different technologies are also considered in these diagrams.

The Interaction of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop on Manifolding Aluminium Plate Fin Heat Exchangers
A study on parallel manifolded exchangers for an air separation plant is reported. Minor changes in flows influenced by piping situation can lead to substantial thermal responses inside. Impacts on duty and pressure drop are shown as well as hints to manage the problem.

Cracking Furnace Design by CFD-Application
Several design examples demonstrate, how the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) - technique is used by Linde to improve and optimize the cracking furnace design. The e-xamples cover the simulation of the radiant section equipped with different types of firing and the heat recovery section.